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991.
考虑转供容量约束的配电网马尔可夫可靠性算法 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
将马尔可夫理论应用于配电网的可靠性评估中,将一台虚拟的故障主变和一条虚拟的故障线路作为负荷失电时候的状态,视为当供电线路故障,并且转供不成功的情况下,状态转移至由这条虚拟的故障线路供电.利用主变和线路间的联络关系,充分考虑了系统发生N-1故障时的转供成功率,并且综合了系统的元件故障率,形成马尔可夫转移概率矩阵.采用经典的马尔可夫状态空间法,准确全面且简便地求解配电网的可靠率,并通过一个实际的配电网络算例验证了算法的可用性. 相似文献
992.
提出将小波包变换和改进的免疫算法相结合,对输电线路故障类型进行识别.运用小波包将电压故障信号分解,提取三相的小波奇异熵作为免疫网络的抗原,利用免疫网络抗原一抗体识别原理进行故障类型识别.仿真结果表明:在相同实验条件下,与传统的ANN网络和SVM相比,该算法具有自适应连续学习的功能,对故障诊断系统可以连续不断的补充新样本.并且此故障类型识别方法不受系统运行方式、过渡电阻和故障位置等影响,具有较强的通用性,较高的精度,识别速度快和算法简单易实现. 相似文献
993.
Particle classification becomes difficult when the difference in density between particle and fluid is low or negligible and the fluid is viscous. For such applications, a process capable of separating the particles according to their size is needed. Such applications are, e.g. found in biological systems for cell separation or in the removal of gel particles from polymer melts. Particle transport in laminar tube flows at low but non zero Reynolds numbers leads to accumulation of large particles near the tube center and forms a particle free zone near the wall. Small particles find their position on their equilibrium radius. Downstream widening of the flow enhances segregation between large and small particles. Large particles can be collected in a centered collector tube downstream, whereas small particles follow their streamlines around the collector tube and can be removed with the remaining flow. The said particle migration is observed when the ratio of particle to tube diameter is 0.2<d/D<0.51 and the tube Reynolds number is in between 0.2<Re<40. CFD simulations reveal the shape of the streamlines in the downstream enlargement with different tube Reynolds number. The efficiency of the classification process is characterized. Particles need a sufficient transportation length in the tube for proper demixing. This effect is analyzed by a laser sheet illuminated system within an acrylic glass tube. 相似文献
994.
Zhe Sun Ren-Kai Zhang Huan-Huan Xie Mao Liang Rui-Hong Du Song Xue 《Electrochimica acta》2011,56(22):7555
4-N,N-Dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) was introduced into poly(ethyleneoxide)/oligo(ethylene glycol) (PEO/PEG) electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The improved photovoltaic performance of DMAP-doped DSCs was attributed to the integrated effects of the upward displacement of the TiO2 band edge and the decrease in the electron recombination rate. Remarkably, the presence of DMAP suppresses electron recombination via two combined pathways involving the dissociation of triiodide to iodide by a complexation reaction and a modification of the surface state distribution in the band gap of TiO2. With the addition of DMAP, the open-circuit voltage enhances dramatically. The short-circuit photocurrent density has a small increase at low DMAP concentration and drops afterwards. The power conversion efficiency is 4.07%, which corresponds to a 63% increase over that of the DSC without DMAP. 相似文献
995.
Ke Du Luo-Hu Zhang Yan-Bing Cao Hong-wei Guo Zhong-Dong Peng Guo-Rong Hu 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2011,41(11):1349-1355
LiFe0.4Mn0.6−x
Ni
x
PO4/C(x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) composite cathode materials for lithium ion batteries have been prepared by the co-precipitation
method using oxalic acid as a precipitator. The structure and morphology of precursors and products have been investigated.
Electrochemical tests demonstrate that LiFe0.4Mn0.55Ni0.05PO4 can deliver a specific capacity of 142 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, and retains 133 mAh g−1 after 60 cycles. The rate performance of LiFe0.4Mn0.6PO4 is obviously improved by doping Ni. The capacity of LiFe0.4Mn0.55Ni0.05PO4 at 2 C is 110 mAh g−1. 相似文献
996.
997.
A novel kind of macromolecule, long‐chain alkyl quaternary ammonium functionalized hyperbranched polyester (QHPE), was synthesized by the reaction of hyperbranched polyester Boltorn H30 (H30) and 2,3‐epoxypropyl alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride under alkaline conditions in dimethylformamide. After modification, the hydroxyl terminal group of H30 was converted into an ammonium functional group. A series of products was obtained with different lengths of an alkyl chain (C8, C12, C16, and C18) in the ammonium functional group. All of the products were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy. The application of QHPEs as accelerators for the alkaline hydrolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabric was studied. The influences of the structure of QHPEs and hydrolysis conditions, such as alkaline concentration, hydrolysis time, and temperature, on the weight loss of PET fabrics were investigated. The results indicated that QHPE was a novel, efficient accelerator for the alkaline hydrolysis of PET fabrics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011 相似文献
998.
Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites (PPCNs) were prepared via an in situ polymerization method with a Ziegler–Natta/clay compound catalyst in which the MgCl2/TiCl4 catalyst was embedded in the clay galleries. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results showed that the clay particles were highly exfoliated in the polypropylene (PP) matrix. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of these PPCNs were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry at various cooling rates. The nucleation activity were calculated by Dobreva's method to demonstrate that the highly dispersed silicate layers acted as effective nucleating agents. The Avrami, Jeziorny, Ozawa, and Mo methods were used to describe the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of the PP and PPCNs. Various parameters of nonisothermal crystallization, such as the crystallization half‐time, crystallization rate constant, and the kinetic parameter F(t), reflected that the highly exfoliated silicate layers significantly accelerated the crystallization process because of its outstanding nucleation effect. The activation energy values of the PP and PPCNs determined by the Kissinger method increased with the addition of the nanosilicate layers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011 相似文献
999.
A new negative temperature coefficient of resistor (NTCR) thermistors based on nitrile butadiene rubber/magnetite (NBR/Fe3O4) nanocomposites were successfully fabricated by conventional roll milling technique. X‐ray diffraction and transmission (TEM) analysis showed that the product is mainly magnetite nanoparticles with diameter of 10‐13 nm. The microstructure of (NBR/Fe3O4) nanocomposites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR spectroscopy. The dispersion of magnetite nanoparticles in the NBR rubber matrix and interfacial bonding between them were rather good. The thermal stability of nanocomposites was also obviously improved with the inclusion of the magnetite nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of nanocomposites were investigated. The electrical conductivity of the NBR/Fe3O4 increases with the rise in temperature exhibiting a typical negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR) behavior like a semiconductor. The nature of the temperature variation of electrical conductivity and values of activation and hopping energy, suggest that the transport conduction process is controlled by hopping mechanism. Values of characteristics parameters of the thermistors like thermistor constant, thermistor sensitivity and thermistor stability is quite good for practical application as NTCR devices at high temperature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011 相似文献
1000.
A styrene–maleic acid copolymer (PSMA)‐encapsulated 2‐[(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitrophenyl) azo]‐N‐(2‐methoxyphenyl)‐3‐oxobutyramide (PY74) dispersion was prepared by the phase‐separation technique. A surface‐modified PY74 dispersion was prepared with PSMA sodium as a dispersant by the milling method. Furthermore, the two dispersions were applied to formulate pigment inks. The colloidal properties of these two dispersions were compared. The printing and color performance of the prepared inks were also investigated. The results show that the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion with a small particle size had higher stabilities of NaCl concentration, pH value, and temperature than the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion. The apparent viscosity of the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion changed little, while it changed greatly in the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion with an increase of the shear rate from 10 to 100 s−1. The ink printing and color performance of printed Fabrics indicated that the PSMA‐encapsulated PY74 dispersion was more suitable for the preparation of inkjet printing ink than the surface‐modified PY74 dispersion. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011 相似文献